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          TCP/IP - 第五章 路由协议
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            <div class="post-description">tcp/ip第八版，第三章,互联网络协议， 读书笔记</div>

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        <h2 id="Routing-protocols"><a href="#Routing-protocols" class="headerlink" title="Routing protocols"></a>Routing protocols</h2><ul>
<li>路由协议, 是路由器的协议? 肯定不是指路由器, 路由器可能也只是某一个功能, 这一章, 会不支更实用一些? </li>
<li>学完这一章, 能干什么呢, 设置路由器, 搭服务器的时候, 会更清晰? 知道了socket 和 port 的概念, 服务器的搭建基本没问题了, 可能更高级一些的分布式服务器, 会用到?</li>
<li>路由协议, 应该也是安全高发区, 黑客的必备知识, 每个环节都有安全隐患, 这里能和黑客关联大吗?</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="considering-befor-reading"><a href="#considering-befor-reading" class="headerlink" title="considering befor reading"></a>considering befor reading</h2><ul>
<li>Autonomous systems<ul>
<li>自治系统 </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Types of IP routing and IP routing algorithims.<ul>
<li>ip routing类型及算法 </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Routing Information Protocol (RIP)</li>
<li>Routing Information Protocol version 2 (RIP-2)<ul>
<li>路由信息协议, datagram format</li>
<li>2个版本</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>RIPng for IPv6<ul>
<li>初步了解 IPv6</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)<ul>
<li>这个是干嘛的 </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)<ul>
<li>加强的内网网关路由协议</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Exterior Gateway Protocol ( EGP )<ul>
<li>外网网关协议</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)<ul>
<li>边界网关协议</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Routing protocol selection<ul>
<li>路由协议选择</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Additional functions performed by the router<ul>
<li>路由的扩展功能  </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Routing processes in Unix-based systems<ul>
<li>在unix操作系统处理路由</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>还是还有部分是猜不到意思, 猜到意思的, 重复多遍, 将其纳入思维宫殿</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="reading-record"><a href="#reading-record" class="headerlink" title="reading record"></a>reading record</h2><ol start="0">
<li>overview</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>This type device attaches to two or more physical networks and forwards datagrams between the networks. 还真就是说的 路由器实物</li>
<li>The configuration of the device can be extended to contain information detailing remote networks. This information provides a more complete view of the overall environment.</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Autonomou systems</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>is integral to understanding the function and scope of a routing protocol.</li>
<li>The AS must present a consistent view of the internal destinations.</li>
</ul>
<ol start="2">
<li>Types of IP routing and IP routing algorithms</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><p>static routing</p>
<ul>
<li>Static routing is manually performed by netword administrator.</li>
<li>Normally static routes are used only in simple topologies.</li>
<li>To manually define a default route.</li>
<li>To provide more secure network environment.</li>
<li>When complex routing policies are required.</li>
<li>To define a route that not automatically advertised within a network.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>distance vector routing</p>
<ul>
<li>Distance vector algorithms are examples of dynamic routing protocols.</li>
<li>local IP routing table, distance vector table.</li>
<li>convergence time, routing loop, unstable packet forwarding, reduce capacity environments.</li>
<li>RIP is a popular example of distance vector routing protocol.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>link state routing</p>
<ul>
<li>A link state is the description of an interface on a router (for example, IP address, subnet mask, type of network) and its relationship to neighboring routers. The colletion of these link state forms a link state database. </li>
<li>Shortest Path First algorithm.</li>
<li>所有的可达路由表都存在在每个路由器里, 那样的话, 计算就简单了, 而不用去试探</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>path vector routing</p>
<ul>
<li>The path vector routing algorithm is somewhat similar to the distance vector algorithm in the sense that each border router advertises the destination it can reach to its neighboring router.</li>
<li>advantages: <ul>
<li>flexibility; </li>
<li>computational complexity is smaller than that of the link state protocol; </li>
<li>have homogeneous policies for route selection; </li>
<li>Only the domains whose routes are affected by the changes have to recompute;</li>
<li>Suppression of routing loops; </li>
<li>Route computation precedes routing information dissemination.</li>
<li>Path vector routing has the ability to selectively hide information.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>disadvantages:<ul>
<li>the effect of a topology change can propagate farther than in traditional distance vector algorithms.</li>
<li>Unless the network topology is fully meshed or is able to appear so, routing loops can become an issue.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>BGP is a popular example of a path vector routing protocol.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>hybrid routing</p>
<ul>
<li>These protocols attempt to combine the positive attributes of both distance vector and link state protocols.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ol start="3">
<li>Routing Information Protocol</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>RIP packet types</li>
<li>RIP packet format</li>
<li>RIP Modes of operation<ul>
<li>active mode, passive(silent) mode</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Calculating distance vectors<blockquote>
<p>The distance vector table entries:</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>the desination network (vector)</li>
<li>the associated cost (distance)</li>
<li>the IP address of the next-hop device</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Convergence and counting to infinity<ul>
<li>Each device claims to be able to reach the target network through the partner device.</li>
<li>counting to infinity.</li>
<li>In a RIP environment, any path exceeding 15 hops is considered invalid.<blockquote>
<p>There are two enhancements to the basic distance vector algorithm that can minimize the counting to infinity problem:</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>Split horizon with poison revese<br>  Whit poison reverse, when a routing updaate indicates that a network is unreachable, routes are immediately removed from the routing table.<br>  This approach differs from the basic split horizon rule where routes are eliminated through timeouts.<br>  It might significantly increase the size of routing annoucements exchanged between neighbors.</li>
<li>Triggered updates<br>  With triggered updates, whenever a router changes the cost of a route, it immediately sends the modified distance vector table to the neighboring devices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>RIP limitations<ul>
<li>Path cost limits</li>
<li>Network-intensive table updates</li>
<li>Relatively slow convergence</li>
<li>No support for variable length subnet masking</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ol start="4">
<li>Routing Information Protocol version 2<blockquote>
<p>It was developed to extend RIP-1 functionality in small networks.</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Support for CIDR and VLSM (variable length subnet masking)</li>
<li>Support for multicasting</li>
<li>Support for authentication</li>
<li>Support for RIP-1</li>
<li>RIP-2 packet format</li>
<li>RIP-2 limitations<ul>
<li>However, the path cost limits and slow convergence inherent in RIP-1 networks are also concerns in RIP-2 environment.</li>
<li>It is transmitted in clear text. This makes the network vulnerable to attack by anyone with direct physical access to the environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ol start="5">
<li>RIPng for IPv6</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>RIPng was developed to allow routers within an IPv6-based network to exchange information used to computer routes.</li>
<li>RIPng is in RIP family, used the same algorithm, timers, and logic used in RIP-2</li>
<li>RIPng has many of the same limitations inherent in other distance vector protocols.</li>
<li>Differences between RIPng and RIP-2:<blockquote>
<p>Support for authentication: RIP-2 has, RIPng not. RIPng uses the security features inherent in IPv6.<br>Support for IPv6 addressing format: RIPng does.</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>RIPng packet format<br>  RIPng are transmitted using UDP datagrams.</li>
</ul>
<ol start="6">
<li>Openg Shortest Path First<blockquote>
<p>OSPF is a link state protocol,interior gateway protocol, provides a number of features not found in distance vector protocols.</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Equal cost load balancing</li>
<li>Logical partioning of the network</li>
<li>Support for authentication</li>
<li>Faster convergence time</li>
<li>Support for CIDR(无类别域间路由, Classless Inter-Domain Routing) and VLSM</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>OSPF teminology<br>  * </li>
<li>Neighbor communication</li>
<li>OSPF neighnor state machine</li>
<li>OSPF route redistribution</li>
<li>OSPF stub areas</li>
<li>OSPF route summarization</li>
</ul>
<ol start="7">
<li>Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol</li>
<li>Exterior Gateway Protocol</li>
<li>Border Gateway Protocol</li>
<li>Routing protocol selection</li>
<li>Addtional functions performed by the router</li>
<li>Routing process in UNIX-based systems</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="considering-after-reading"><a href="#considering-after-reading" class="headerlink" title="considering after reading"></a>considering after reading</h2><ul>
<li>看不下去, 进度这么慢, 主要还是因为看不懂, 一会就枯燥了, 想不到看到了什么, 想不到想看什么, 想不到可以看什么</li>
<li>一点点敖过去, 但是不对语言去总结归纳, 什么时候能有质的进步呢? 到目前质的进步就是能跟英语正面刚</li>
<li>可能还有潜在的语感, 肌肉记忆, 所以, 不坚持下去, 什么问题也说明不了</li>
<li>有时候, 就得面对这对无知的恐惧和期待, 才有可能顿悟</li>
<li></li>
</ul>

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